Which theory attributes drug dependence primarily to withdrawal pain?

• A. Incentive-Sensitization Theory
• B. Hormesis Theory
• C. Physical Dependence Theory
• D. Opioid Reward Theory

Answer: (C)

Withdrawal relief is the key driver described by Physical Dependence Theory. In this view, the body adapts to regular drug use, and when the drug isn’t present, withdrawal symptoms—often uncomfortable or painful—arise. The act of taking the drug again relieves that distress, creating negative reinforcement that makes continued use more likely and establishes dependence over time. This emphasis on avoiding withdrawal pain as the primary motive sets it apart from other theories.

Incentive-Sensitization Theory, for example, focuses on how repeated drug exposure sensitizes brain reward circuits and makes drug-related cues highly attractive, driving craving and seeking even when withdrawal isn’t the main issue. Hormesis Theory discusses adaptive responses to stressors but doesn’t specifically center on withdrawal as the primary cause of dependence. Opioid Reward Theory highlights the rewarding, pleasurable effects that reinforce use, which explains initial or positive reinforcement but not the central role of withdrawal relief in maintaining dependence.